Prevalence and Patterns of Gender-Based Violence Among Undergraduate Students in Nigeria

Background: Gender-based violence (GBV) is any harmful act including physical, sexual, and emotional abuse based on gender norms, with significant health, social, and economic consequences. Despite its devastating impact, GBV among males and other under-recognized groups remains understudied. This study assessed the prevalence and pattern of GBV among undergraduates, and respondents’ knowledge of its effects. Methodology: A cross-sectional study of 413 University of Calabar undergraduates was conducted using multi-stage sampling. The questionnaire inquired about the experience of GBV and respondents’ knowledge of its effects. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS), with logistic regression assessing the association between GBV and age, sex, marital status, and academic year, reporting odds ratios (ORs), 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and p-values to evaluate statistical significance and the precision of estimates. Results: GBV prevalence among participants was 19.4%, with emotional violence (threats, intimidation and verbal abuse) being most common (18.6%). Prevalence was slightly higher in males, but not significantly so (p>0.05). The logistic regression analysis revealed no significant relationship between GBV and age, sex, marital status, academic year, though older individuals had slightly lower odds of experiencing GBV, while males had slightly higher odds compared to females. Most respondents agreed that GBV has psychological, social and health implications. Conclusion: The study showed that GBV affects both male and female Nigerian students. Universities should implement strict policies, awareness programs, and student support systems including a formal GBV reporting system, survivor support services, and mandatory training for students and staff to address GBV effectively.