Biogenic synthesis of sulfur nanoparticles using saffron flower extract and its synergistic antimicrobial activity

Sulfur nanoparticles were successfully prepared by Thiourea (CH₄N₂S) and saffron crocus flower extract at 70oC. (XRD), UV-Vis Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were used to study the sulfur nanoparticles that resulted. From XRD was average particle size of about 21.5 nm, "the size of the nanoparticles can be modified by changing the amount of saffron crocus flower extract". (SEM) was used to determine the surface characteristics of the particles, and "the average size of the sulphur particles was found to be 19.32 nm". The optical band gap value of the obtained semiconductor nanoparticles (SNPs) have been determined to be 4 eV, The observation suggests the existence of a blue shift. The Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectrum of the synthesized sulfur nanoparticles demonstrates the presence of characteristic peaks associated with sulfur, specifically at (563, 601, 636 and 756) cm-1. Additionally, the plant-mediated synthesis of these nanoparticles has exhibited antimicrobial activity against both bacterial and fungal pathogens.