Diabetes Mellitus (Type 2) and Pregnancy as Risk Factors for Periodontitis: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) and pregnancy are known risk factors for periodontitis, but their combined effect remains understudied. This study evaluates the association between Type 2 DM, pregnancy, and periodontitis incidence. Methods: 120 pregnant women (40 with prediabetes, 40 with controlled diabetes, and 40 with uncontrolled diabetes) participated in a cross-sectional study. Ramfjord's Periodontal Disease Index and Silness and Löe's Plaque Index were used to evaluate periodontal health. HbA1c readings were used to confirm the presence of diabetes. IBM SPSS version 21 was used for statistical analysis. Results: Periodontitis prevalence was 40% in prediabetics, 60% in controlled diabetics, and 60% in uncontrolled diabetics. Severe periodontitis (Stage 3) was highest (30%) in uncontrolled diabetics. Poor oral hygiene correlated with worsening glycemic control. Conclusion: Women with Type 2 diabetes who are pregnant are more likely to develop periodontitis, which worsens with inadequate glycemic control. Pregnant women with diabetes should prioritize oral health measures.