Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on the Alveolar Bone – Literature Review

Abstract Objective The aim of this review was to comprehensively evaluate the effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs), including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), on alveolar bone metabolism across different dental conditions. Special emphasis was placed on their role in periodontitis, peri-implantitis, apical periodontitis, and orthodontic tooth movement. Methods A systematic search of PubMed and Scopus databases was conducted for publications from 2015 to 2025 using the keywords “omega 3 alveolar bone” and “omega 3 orthodontic tooth movement”. Out of 41 initially identified studies, 27 publications were included after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria. The selected studies consisted of in vivo and in vitro experimental models, clinical trials, and systematic reviews evaluating the effects of ω-3 PUFAs on alveolar bone remodeling, inflammation, and host immune responses. Results Omega-3 PUFAs demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and bone-preserving properties. In periodontitis, supplementation reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6), increased IL-10 levels, inhibited osteoclastogenesis, and limited alveolar bone loss. Resolvin derivatives derived from ω-3 further enhanced periodontal healing and tissue regeneration. In peri-implantitis, resolvin D2 and DHA-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers effectively reduced inflammatory infiltration, modulated RANKL/OPG balance, and preserved peri-implant bone. In apical periodontitis, combined omega-3 supplementation and physical exercise decreased IL-17 and TNF-α expression, reduced osteoclast numbers, and improved collagen formation, suggesting enhanced periapical healing. In orthodontic contexts, ω-3 slowed tooth movement by decreasing osteoclastic activity and oxidative stress, while promoting osteoblastic activity and bone quality. Conclusion Omega-3 fatty acids represent promising adjunctive agents for preserving alveolar bone and modulating inflammatory responses in various dental pathologies. However, the majority of existing evidence is derived from preclinical studies. Well-designed, high-quality clinical trials are urgently needed to confirm efficacy, establish optimal dosages, and assess long-term safety and therapeutic potential in human populations.