Reproductive toxicity of microplastics role of oxidative stress in cellular and molecular damage

Microplastics (MPs) have emerged as ubiquitous environmental contaminants, with increasing evidence suggesting their adverse effects on reproductive health across various species. This review critically examines the current understanding of MP-induced reproductive toxicity, with a particular focus on oxidative stress as a central mechanism of cellular and molecular damage. We analyse the pathways through which MPs infiltrate reproductive tissues, their transformation within biological systems, and the subsequent generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The paper synthesizes evidence from in vitro, in vivo, and epidemiological studies to elucidate how MP-induced oxidative stress disrupts reproductive functions at multiple levels, including gametogenesis, hormonal regulation, and embryonic development. Furthermore, we explore the potential transgenerational effects of MP exposure and discuss implications for human reproductive health. Finally, research gaps and future directions are identified to advance understanding of the reproductive risks posed by environmental MP contamination.