Pheromones and Neuropeptides in Silkworms: Coordinating Diapause, Reproduction and Silk Yield

Sericulture is a vital agro-industry that links molecular biology, developmental physiology, and applied farming practices to the sustainable production of silk. Recent research has highlighted the pivotal role of pheromones and neuropeptides in coordinating diapause, reproductive regulation, and silk gland function, thereby shaping cocoon yield and quality. This review synthesizes advances in understanding pheromone signaling, with emphasis on the pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN) and its integration with juvenile hormone (JH), diapause hormone (DH), and other regulatory peptides. We describe how these neuroendocrine networks connect environmental cues such as photoperiod and temperature to systemic resource allocation, mating synchronization, and silk gland transcriptional control. The review also explores how endocrine and pheromone signaling impacts cocoon production by regulating energy partitioning, fibroin expression, and stress responses. Translational opportunities are highlighted across genetic interventions, endocrine manipulations, nutritional and microbiome strategies, and pheromone-based pest management. Together, these insights demonstrate how integrating pheromone biology with neuropeptide and hormonal regulation can inform practical strategies to enhance cocoon yield, support rural economies, and advance eco-friendly sericulture practices.