Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels: A Comprehensive Review of Its Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Perspectives

Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels, a deciduous fruit-bearing tree that belongs to the Phyllanthaceae family, is commonly known as the Otaheite gooseberry or stargooseberry.Flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, and other bioactive substances are abundant in the plant and contribute to its wide range of pharmacological actions, which include anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties.[1] Preliminary in vitro and in vivo studies have provided significant scientific evidence supporting the therapeutic applications of Phyllanthus acidus. This review aims to offer a comprehensive overview of the plant’s pharmacognostic properties, traditional uses, phytochemical composition, and pharmacological potential. Additionally, it identifies areas where further research may be warranted. The evidence presented is based on data gathered from peer-reviewed journal articles, ethnobotanical literature, and internationally recognized scientific databases, including Elsevier, Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Springer, Web of Science, and Wiley Online Library, covering studies published between 1935 and 2025.