RADIATION SAFETY TRAINING PROGRAMS FOR NURSES AND ITS EFFECT ON OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE, EYE-LENS PROTECTION, KNOWLEDGE, PRACTICE, AND PATIENT OUTCOMES

Abstract Background: Nurses working around fluoroscopy (interventional radiology/cardiology, cath labs, operating rooms, ICUs) face occupational ionizing-radiation risks. Training is a core strategy to reduce exposure and strengthen patient protection, yet formats and effectiveness vary. Objective: To synthesize evidence from nine original studies on radiation-safety education and related practices among nurses and allied staff in fluoroscopy-guided environments, and to discuss findings in light of contemporary guidance. Methods: Following PRISMA principles, we reviewed nine original studies (training interventions, observational dose/knowledge studies, and one randomized trial). We extracted design, setting, interventions, outcomes (staff dose, knowledge/behavior, patient dose), and key results. Results: Virtual-reality (VR) training reduced staff dose (eye dose =15–26% across roles; larger reductions than traditional didactics) and improved knowledge/engagement. Multimedia programs outperformed booklet-only materials for awareness gains among OR staff. ICU-nurse training improved protective behaviors and knowledge, though some PPE use waned over time. Real-time operator alerts before nursing tasks significantly lowered nurses’ per-procedure dose. Unit-level lectures and shield-use reinforcement reduced operator and patient doses. Baseline surveys highlighted knowledge gaps and inconsp[istent protection among cath-lab teams and cardiac-unit nurses; short video modules improved test scores. Conclusions: Radiation-safety training, especially immersive VR and feedback-aided approaches, improves knowledge and measurably reduces exposure. Sustained reinforcement and practical shielding practices are needed to maintain gains and extend benefits to patient protection.