Recent Advances in HIV Diagnosis and Treatment: A Focus on Novel Antiretroviral Drugs

Despite tremendous progress in diagnosing and treating HIV, the virus remains a serious global health concern. Recent advancements in the creation of innovative antiretroviral medications and their effect on enhancing clinical results are the main topics of this review. HIV mainly affects CD4+ T-helper cells, which impair immunity and, if left untreated, cause AIDS. For prompt intervention, early diagnosis using tests for viral load, CD4 count, antibody, and antigen is still essential. The introduction of several novel medications, including fostemsavir, a gp120 attachment inhibitor that is effective against HIV strains that are resistant to multiple drugs, and lenacapavir, a first-in-class capsid inhibitor with long-acting formulations, are examples of the most recent therapeutic approaches. Additional developments that offer enhanced efficacy, tolerability, and streamlined dosing schedules include dolutegravir/lamivudine (Dovato), bictegravir combinations, cabotegravir-based regimens (Apretude, Cabenuva), ibalizumab (a CD4 post-attachment inhibitor), and doravirine. A promising tactic to improve adherence and lessen pill burden is the use of long-acting injectables. These advancements aid in lowering drug resistance and transmission rates in addition to improving viral suppression. The worldwide objective of halting the HIV epidemic and improving the lives of those impacted by it depends on ongoing research, accessibility, and patient-centered strategies.