Stethorrhagus Simon 1896

Genus Stethorrhagus Simon, 1896 Stethorrhagus Simon, 1896: 421. Stethorrhagus – Simon 1898: 200, figs 198–199, 202 (type species by subsequent designation, S. limbatus Simon, 1896). — Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: 34. — Bonaldo 2000: 125. Diagnosis Stethorrhagus shares with Parachemmis and Tupirinna a pair of anterolateral sternal excavations in both sexes and a ventral tibial apophysis (VTA) in the male palp (Figs 1C–F, 5C, 8D–E, 13B, 14A, 16C; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: figs 1c, 6c, 9b, 15a; Bonaldo 2000: figs 25–26, 116–118, 335, 344; Xavier & Bonaldo 2021: figs 8a, 21a, 22g). They differ from both Parachemmis and Tupirinna by the male palpal embolus with a bifid tip, with the ejaculatory duct opening on the bifurcation (Figs 14A, 17A, 20A; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: figs 5c–d, 6a) (embolus tip entire in Parachemmis and Tupirinna; Bonaldo 2000: figs 325–326, 328; Xavier & Bonaldo 2021: figs 8a–c, 20b–c). Females of Stethorrhagus further differ from Parachemmis by the single copulatory opening leading to a single copulatory duct that branches posteriorly (Figs 2C–D, 4C–D, 6C–D, 19C–D, 25C–D; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: figs 10f–g, 11c–d, 18a–b, 19c–d) (two separated epigynal copulatory openings that lead to long, wide copulatory ducts in Parachemmis – Bonaldo 2000: figs 333–334, 337–338) and from Tupirinna by the faint carapace color pattern, without the contrasting longitudinal median stripe (Figs 1A, 2A, 5A, 6A, 9A, 12A). Description See Bonaldo & Brescovit (1994: 34). Composition Stethorrhagus archangelus Bonaldo & Brescovit, 1994, S. bradypus sp. nov., S. callithrix sp. nov., S. canis sp. nov., S. chalybeius (L. Koch, 1866), S. duidae Gertsch, 1942, S. felis sp. nov., S. hyula Bonaldo & Brescovit, 1994, S. latoma Bonaldo & Brescovit, 1994, S. limbatus Simon, 1896, S. loxodonta sp. nov., S. lupulus Simon, 1896, S. maculatus (L. Koch, 1866), S. mandrillus sp. nov., S. naja sp. nov., S. nigrinus (Berland, 1913), S. ovis sp. nov., S. oxossi Bonaldo & Brescovit, 1994, S. papilio sp. nov., S. peckorum Bonaldo & Brescovit, 1994, S. penai Bonaldo & Brescovit, 1994, S. planada Bonaldo & Brescovit, 1994, S. roraimae Gertsch, 1942, S. sciurus sp. nov., S. sylvilagus sp. nov., S. tremarctos sp. nov., S. tridentatus Caporiacco, 1955. Distribution Neotropical region (Fig. 48). Key to species of Stethorrhagus Bonaldo & Brescovit, 1994 (adapted from Bonaldo & Brescovit, 1994) 1. Males (those of S. roraimae, S. maculatus, S. nigrinus, S. canis sp. nov., S. papilio sp. nov. and S. sciurus sp. nov. unknown) ............................................................................................................ 2 – Females (those of S. duidae, S. latoma, S. peckorum and S. penai Bonaldo & Brescovit, 1994, unknown) ........................................................................................................................................ 22 2. Sternal excavations shallow, without delimited internal margin (Figs 1B, 2B, 3B, 4B, 7D, 8B) .... 3 – Sternal excavations deep, with delimited internal margin (Figs 9B, 12C–D, 15C–D, 22B, 24C–D) ........................................................................................................................................................... 8 3. Tibial dorsal apophysis (DTA) present; embolus insertion prolateral (Figs 1E–F, 3E–F; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: figs 10b, 13b) .......................................................................................................... 4 – DTA absent; embolus insertion medial (Fig. 8D; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: figs 14b, 22b) ......... 7 4. Sub-embolic prolateral process (SePP) shoulder-like, blunt, developed prolaterally (Figs 1C–D, 3C–D) ............................................................................................................................................... 5 – SePP reduced to a small projection (Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: figs 12a, 13a) .............................. 6 5. DTA large and rounded; ventral lobe of RTA with an intermediate process between ventral process of ventral lobe of RTA (vVL) and dorsal process of ventral lobe of RTA (dVL) (Fig. 1E–F; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: fig. 10b) .............................................................................. S. lupulus Simon, 1896 – DTA small, represented by a shallow excavation; intermediate process between vVL and dVL absent (Fig. 3E–F; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: fig. 11b) ................... S. oxossi Bonaldo & Brescovit, 1994 6. TP1 relatively small in relation to embolus, directed prolaterally, not covering embolar base (Fig. 5D– E; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: fig. 12b) ........................ S. archangelus Bonaldo & Brescovit, 1994 – TP1 large in relation to embolus, directed apically, covering embolar base (Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: fig. 13a) ......................................................................... S. latoma Bonaldo & Brescovit, 1994 7. Tibia with apical spur (AS) long, with wide base, inserted ventrally on tibial surface; embolus widened, flat and triangular, with reduced apical prongs (Fig. 7E–F; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: fig. 22a–b) .......................................................................... S. peckorum Bonaldo & Brescovit, 1994 – Tibia with AS short, inserted apically on vVL; embolus filiform, with long apical prongs (Fig. 8C–F; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: fig. 14a–b) ........................................... S. tridentatus Caporiacco, 1955 8. Ventral lobe of RTA composed only of vVL (Fig. 10C–D; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: fig. 9a–c) ..... ......................................................................................................................... S. limbatus Simon, 1896 – Ventral lobe of RTA bifid, composed of vVL and dVL (Figs 13B, 14B, 29A–B, 30A–B, 32A–B, 33A–B; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: fig. 15c) .................................................................................. 9 9. Dorsal lobe of RTA wide, triangular; SePP and TP1 absent (Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: fig. 15c) ..... ...................................................................................................... S. penai Bonaldo & Brescovit, 1994 – Dorsal lobe of RTA finger-shaped or absent; SePP and/or TP1 present (Figs 14A–B, 30A–B, 33B) ......................................................................................................................................................... 10 10. dVL not protruding, represented by a slight elevation continuous to vVL (Figs 13B, 14B) ...........11 – dVL protruding (Figs 29B, 33B, 35C) ............................................................................................ 16 11. dVL glabrous; AS large, laminar, shifted dorsally (Figs 14A–B, 17A–B) ..................................... 12 – dVL covered by long, thick modified hairs; AS indistinguishable from vVL (Figs 19B, 20B, 22E; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: figs 17b, 19b) ..................................................................................... 13 12. AS triangular in retrolateral view; embolus inserted between SePP and a Sub-embolic retrolateral process (SeRP) (Figs 13A–B, 14A–B) ............................................................ S. tremarctos sp. nov. – AS diamond-shaped in retrolateral view; SeRP absent (Figs 16A–C, 17A–B) .................................. .......................................................................................................................... S. mandrillus sp. nov. 13. SePP and embolus geminated at base; embolus short (Figs 19A, 20A) ........... S. loxodonta sp. nov. – SePP and embolus separated at base (Figs 21C, 22C, 25A, 26A, 22C; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: fig. 19a) ........................................................................................................................................... 14 14. TP1 represented by a wide, serrated keel (Figs 21C–D; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: Fig. 17b) ........ ............................................................................................... S. planada Bonaldo & Brescovit, 1994 – TP1 tooth-like (Figs 22C, 25A; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: figs 17a, 19a) .................................. 15 15. TP1 curved, pointing prolaterally (Fig. 22C–E; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: fig. 19a) ...................... ................................................................................................... S. hyula Bonaldo & Brescovit, 1994 – TP1 straight, pointing apically (Figs 25A–B, 26A) ........................................... S. sylvilagus sp. nov. 16. vVL and dVL glabrous, without thick modified hairs (Figs 27C–D, 29A–B, 30A–B; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: Fig. 20b) ............................................................................................................... 17 – vVL with thick modified hairs (Figs 32B, 35C) ............................................................................. 18 17. vVL longer than dVL, bifid in the distal third; embolus wide-based, with reduced apical prongs (Fig. 27C–D; Bonaldo & Brescovit 1994: fig. 20a–b) .................................. S. duidae Gertsch, 1942 – vVL slightly shorter than dVL, entire; embolus narrow-based, with well-developed apical prongs (Figs 29A–B, 30A–B) ................................................................................................. S. ovis sp. nov. 18. Thick modified hairs present in both vVL and dVL (Figs 32B, 35B–C, 36B, 39C) ...................... 19 – Thick modified hairs present only in vVL; dVL glabrous (Figs 41B, 42C) ................................... 21 19. SePP with pointed tip directed retrolaterally (Figs 32A, 33A) ........................... S. callithrix sp. nov. – SePP with blunt tip directed apically (Figs 35B, 38A–C) .............................................................. 20 20. RTA with dorsal lobe (DL); tegulum with TP1 (Figs 35B, 36A–B) ........................... S. felis sp. nov. – Both DL and TP1 absent (Figs 38A–C, 39A–C) ................................................ S. bradypu