Eating habits in older adults: an approach based on Neuman's Systems Model

Introduction: Nutrition in old age was recognized as a key determinant of well-being and autonomy. Deficiencies and excesses in nutrition coexisted in older adults, with effects on morbidity, functionality, and quality of life. From a systems perspective, Betty Neuman's model allowed for an understanding of the interaction between the individual and the environment, placing prevention and system stability as goals of care. Within this framework, the aim was to describe the quality of dietary practices and identify their main determinants. Development: The study addressed eating habits as a result of interrelated factors: psychological (emotional state, stress), socioeconomic (income, family support, advertising), environmental (accessibility, portion size, eating in company), and physiological (hunger/satiety, senses, age). The quality of the practice was defined as adherence to specific recommendations and needs, incorporating diversity, balance, safety, and affordability. Critical requirements for older adults were reviewed—high biological value proteins, vitamins B12 and B6, calcium, magnesium, fiber, and water—and malnutrition (undernutrition, overweight/obesity, sarcopenia) was characterized. The nutritional assessment included dietary history and anthropometric and functional indicators. Based on Neuman's model, behavior modification and nutrition education strategies were described, along with community actions to improve access and affordability, and the inclusion of adapted physical activity as an adjunct. Conclusions: It was concluded that intervening in the nutrition of older adults required an integrated, person-centered approach based on Neuman's Systems Model. Prioritizing systematic nutritional screening, protein-micronutrient prescription, continuing education with family support, and improvements in the food environment projected benefits on autonomy and quality of life. It was recommended that cost-effectiveness be evaluated and interventions be adapted to local heterogeneities.