Non-Invasive Methods for Detecting Health of a Person Using Saliva Sample -A Review

Saliva has emerged as a promising non-invasive diagnostic medium, offering a convenient and cost-effective alternative to blood-based testing. Rich in proteins, nucleic acids, metabolites, hormones, and microbiota, saliva reflects a wide spectrum of physiological and pathological states, making it suitable for monitoring both systemic and oral health conditions. Recent advances in biosensing technologies have accelerated the utility of saliva in diagnostics by enabling rapid, sensitive, and real-time detection of biomarkers. Microfluidic devices, lab-on-a-chip systems, and nanomaterial-based sensors have enhanced the analytical sensitivity of saliva-based assays, overcoming challenges of low analyte concentration.