PERFORMANCE DEGRADATION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES UNDER PARTIAL SHADING CONDITIONS

The utilization of solar energy through photovoltaic (PV) technology has become one of the most sustainable and widely adopted methods of electricity generation globally. Photovoltaic panels, composed of interconnected silicon-based semiconductor cells, operate efficiently when uniformly exposed to sunlight. However, their direct exposure to environmental conditions makes them vulnerable to performance degradation, particularly due to partial shading. Partial shading, often caused by passing clouds, nearby obstacles, or structural interference, disrupts the uniform operation of PV cells, leading to mismatch losses, reduced energy yield, and potential long-term damage. When a cell is shaded, it experiences voltage reversal and excessive heat dissipation, creating hotspots that compromise panel reliability and shorten lifespan. Research has shown that mismatch losses resulting from shading can account for up to 10% of total power losses in PV systems. Furthermore, the type, duration, and pattern of shading play critical roles in determining the extent of its impact on energy output and system efficiency. Given that shading is largely unpredictable and unavoidable, understanding its influence on PV performance is essential for optimizing system design, mitigating energy losses, and enhancing overall reliability. This study investigates the effect of partial shading on photovoltaic panels, highlighting its mechanisms, consequences, and implications for sustainable solar energy generation.