PEDAGOGICAL CHALLENGES IN ONLINE AND HYBRID EDUCATION

The rapid growth of technology and the global shift caused by the COVID-19 pandemic have accelerated the adoption of online and hybrid (blended) education worldwide. These models provide flexibility, accessibility, and opportunities for innovation, yet they also pose significant pedagogical challenges for educators and students alike. Unlike traditional classrooms, online and hybrid learning environments require new approaches to engagement, communication, and assessment. Teachers must not only deliver content but also design meaningful digital interactions that support collaboration and critical thinking. This paper examines the key pedagogical challenges in online and hybrid education and explores strategies to address them for effective, inclusive learning.