Smart education for a sustainable future: Integrating IoT and big data in sustainability-based learning

The integration of IoT and Big Data in education has significantly improved digital learning effectiveness and students’ digital literacy. This study examines their impact on sustainability awareness among university students in Indonesia using a quantitative approach with PLS-SEM analysis. The results confirm that IoT and Big Data positively influence digital learning effectiveness and digital literacy. Moreover, digital learning effectiveness enhances sustainability awareness and mediates the relationship between IoT, Big Data, and sustainability awareness. However, digital literacy alone does not directly impact sustainability awareness, nor does it mediate the effects of IoT and Big Data. These findings highlight the importance of embedding sustainability topics into digital education frameworks. While technology improves learning experiences, sustainability awareness only increases when sustainability concepts are explicitly integrated into curricula. Therefore, policymakers and educators should focus on curriculum development, teacher training, and equitable technological infrastructure to maximize the benefits of digital education. This study contributes to the literature on technology-enhanced learning by providing empirical insights into how digital transformation in education supports the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Specifically, it aligns with SDG 4 (Quality Education) by promoting effective digital learning and SDG 13 (Climate Action) by emphasizing sustainability education. Strengthening digital education strategies in developing countries can drive sustainable development, ensuring that technological advancements contribute to environmental awareness and long-term sustainability goals.