Toward Carbon-Neutral Power Generation in Indonesia: A Techno-Economic Assessment of Renewable Ammonia Co-Firing in Combined Cycle Power Plants

The urgency of climate change mitigation demands transformative shifts in energy systems, especially in fossil fuel-dependent regions like Southeast Asia. This study evaluates the techno-economic feasibility and environmental impact of green ammonia co-firing in existing combined cycle power plants. Using advanced simulations, including alkaline electrolysis, cryogenic air separation, and the Haber-Bosch process followed by GateCycle modelling, the integration of green ammonia was assessed. The results show that a 50:50 blend of natural gas and green ammonia delivers an 80 MW output, 11.3 MJ/kWh heat rate, and 31.8% thermal efficiency. While this reduces carbon emissions significantly, economic analysis reveals a negative net present value and a high levelized cost of electricity of 0.63 USD/kWh, indicating financial infeasibility under current market conditions. These findings highlight the need for policy support and strategic incentives. Green ammonia presents a scalable pathway for decarbonized power generation, contributing to sustainable energy transitions in Southeast Asia.