Brachytherapy in Pediatric Vaginal Rhabdomyosarcoma: A Case Report and Literature Review

Pediatric vaginal rhabdomyosarcoma is an extremely rare malignancy. Standard treatment includes chemotherapy, surgery, and radiotherapy. We report a case of a 4-year-old girl diagnosed with botryoid vaginal rhabdomyosarcoma. The patient received neoadjuvant chemotherapy, followed by surgical resection via vaginoscopy and adjuvant chemotherapy. Endovaginal brachytherapy was administered under general anesthesia using a single-channel vaginal cylinder. Post-treatment MRI confirmed complete response, with no recurrence at 24-month follow-up. This case highlights the efficacy of combining chemotherapy, conservative surgery, and image-guided brachytherapy to minimize long-term sequelae in pediatric patients.