An introduction to the structure and evolution of Laurussian orogens in Europe and North America from geophysical investigations

Mapping the Earth's lithospheric structure using geophysical methods is essential for understanding geodynamic processes that have shaped the solid Earth. These methods generate models of subsurface physical properties and image geological and thermochemical structures in the subsurface, complementing evidence from geology, petrology, geochemistry and geochronology. Together, they enhance our understanding of the Earth's current structure and its historical evolution. This Special Publication synthesizes geophysical research on the major Paleozoic orogenies that led to the formation of the supercontinent Laurussia: the Caledonian, Variscan–Alleghenian and Ellesmerian orogenies. Geophysical techniques provide critical insights into deep structures and past and present geodynamic processes, often hidden from the surface geology. By collating diverse geophysical investigations, this work critically evaluates methodological strengths and limitations, identifies opportunities for integrating varied techniques and informs the design of future research campaigns. It also highlights unresolved questions regarding deep lithospheric structure, past subduction dynamics and tectonic inheritance, which are vital for reconstructing Laurussia's ancient tectonic framework. By synthesizing new findings and enabling comparisons across methods and regions, this Special Publication lays a robust foundation for addressing these challenges, thereby deepening our understanding of the complex tectonic evolution that has shaped the lithosphere across Europe, North America and Greenland.