Optimizing Surfactant-to-Oil Ratios for the Formulation of Stable Orange Peel Essential Oil Nanoemulsions

Abstract Sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) is a popular citrus fruit rich in phytochemicals known for their health-promoting properties. However, orange processing generates substantial by-products, including peel, seeds, and pulp, which are often discarded despite containing valuable compounds like essential oils. This review focuses on the potential applications of nanoemulsions formulated with orange peel essential oil in the food and beverage industry. Essential oils, composed of volatile compounds such as terpenes, possess various biological activities, including antimicrobial properties. The development of nanoemulsions offers a promising approach to enhance the solubility, stability, and bioavailability of essential oils for diverse applications. Emphasis is placed on optimizing surfactant-to-oil ratios to tailor nanoemulsion characteristics. The study investigates the impact of different ratios on droplet size, stability, and viscosity of the nanoemulsions. Dynamic light scattering analysis reveals that nanoemulsions formulated with specific surfactant-to-oil ratios exhibit smaller droplet sizes, indicating improved dispersion and bioactivity. Furthermore, evaluation of droplet growth ratios over time demonstrates the stability of these nanoemulsions, highlighting their potential for long-term applications. The low viscosity of the nanoemulsions facilitates easy handling and application in various formulations, including pharmaceuticals and food products. Overall, this research underscores the importance of nanoemulsion technology in harnessing the therapeutic and functional properties of essential oils derived from orange peel. By optimizing surfactant-to-oil ratios, stable and bioactive nanoemulsions can be developed for a wide range of industrial and scientific applications. These findings contribute to the ongoing efforts to explore innovative and sustainable approaches for utilizing natural compounds in various industries, paving the way for the development of novel products with enhanced functionality and efficacy.