Emerging epigenetic modifications in renal fibrosis: From mechanisms to treatments

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has emerged as a formidable global health challenge, with a marked increase in its incidence, prevalence, and mortality rates. Renal fibrosis is a central pathophysiological process that drives the progression of CKD to end-stage renal disease. Despite its crucial role in CKD progression, effective clinical interventions to delay or mitigate renal fibrosis remain limited. A deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying renal fibrosis, along with the identification of potential drug targets and the development of novel therapeutics, holds immense research significance and clinical value for the prevention and treatment of CKD. In recent years, epigenetic research has garnered widespread attention and plays a pivotal role in various disease processes. Against this backdrop, the mechanisms by which epigenetic modifications exert their effects on renal fibrosis are gradually being elucidated, offering novel insights into the understanding of CKD. In this review, we summarize and analyze the intricate regulatory network of epigenetic modifications in renal fibrosis. We explore the promising antifibrotic effects demonstrated by various epigenetically modified drugs in fibrotic kidney models and discuss the challenges and opportunities in current research. These findings provide crucial insights for a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying renal fibrosis and the development of novel therapeutic approaches.