Human resource development functions of Japanese labor unions: a chronological evolution (2011–2024)

Purpose This study examines the role of Japanese labor unions in improving productivity by considering their diverse positions and roles. Japan has experienced a rapid decline in birth rates and an aging population, resulting in a significant shift in its demographic profile. In Japan, where longevity and fertility are declining simultaneously, the most pressing issue is increasing productivity in the context of a shrinking working population. Consequently, the contribution of an aging society with low fertility is to enhance productivity. Design/methodology/approach The research method employed is a combination of a literature survey and an inductive study. A total of 401 references were identified through a literature survey conducted in Japanese using the keywords “Japan, labor union.” The period under consideration is 2011–2023, commencing with Fujimura (2011) “Roles of trade unions in Japanese firms of the past, the present, and the future”. Findings A review of the literature reveals that Japanese labor unions play a pivotal role in human resource development for young people, which is instrumental in enhancing productivity in a context where the working population is shrinking and the birth rate is declining. Thus, it can be argued that Japanese labor unions are indispensable organizations contributing to society. Japanese labor unions play a pivotal role in facilitating human resource development, particularly in the context of management participation. Their contribution to society is twofold: first, by enhancing productivity, and second, by providing a place for the development of human resources. Research limitations/implications This study is a literature survey covering the period from 2011 to 2023. In the future, it will be necessary to collect practical cases through interview surveys, etc. Practical implications The labor union activities and initiatives presented in this study will serve as a useful reference for considering future policies. Social implications The study revealed that Japanese labor unions serve as a platform for human resource development, thereby enhancing productivity. The cultivation of younger union members and union officers represents a dual contribution to both the labor union itself and the wider company and society. Ultimately, three key points emerged regarding the development of young people facilitated by labor unions: These were as follows: (1) the function of labor unions as a “place,” (2) the role of labor unions, and (3) the lack of awareness of the existence of labor unions among the general public. Originality/value This study analyzed the role and function of labor unions in Japan. The subject of this study was “youth development,” a social issue requiring resolution. Notably, Japanese labor unions engage in a diverse range of activities, a phenomenon observed across various industries. Each labor union provides a range of opportunities that contribute to the development of young people, which, in turn, is thought to contribute to the stability and development of society.