Red Relief Image Maps to Visualize Landslide Risks in Master-Planned Storage-Type Hydropower Projects in Nepal Using a Free and Open-Source GIS Approach

The development of storage-type hydropower projects is crucial for enhancing energy security and managing water resources in Nepal. However, these projects often face significant challenges related to terrain stability, particularly in landslide-prone regions of the Nepal Himalayas. This study presents an innovative approach to terrain visualization using Red Relief Image Maps (RRIM) generated through free and open-source GIS tools. This article presents RRIM visualization techniques developed entirely with free and open-source GIS tools, such as QGIS and Topographic Openness. The selection criteria for these techniques prioritize simplicity and speed of implementation while ensuring their suitability for effective visualization. The study focuses on the application of these techniques to Nationwide Master Planned Storage-type Hydropower Projects in Nepal. By generating and analyzing several RRIM, the article demonstrates how these tools can aid in visualizing terrain features and identifying potential risks associated with deep-seated landslides distribution. The RRIM has been prepared for all 20-master planned storage-type hydropower, diversion and multipurpose projects of Nepal. Additionally, the integration of 3D map visualization of the RRIM enhances the understanding of the terrain’s topography and landform. The findings highlight the effectiveness of RRIM and open-source GIS tools in enhancing geohazard assessment and planning for sustainable infrastructure development in future.