CRISPR-Cas9 Mediated Modification of Escherichia coli for Enhanced Production of Therapeutic Proteins: A Narrative Review

Insulin, interferons, and antibodies are examples of therapeutic proteins that are essential for the treatment of cancer and diabetes. Because of its affordability, quick growth, and genetic tractability, Escherichia coli is the preferred host for their production. However, its effectiveness is restricted by issues like low yields, protein misfolding, aggregation, and inclusion body formation. E. coli engineering has been transformed by the precise genome-editing tool CRISPR-Cas9, which allows for targeted modifications to improve protein production. In order to increase the yield of therapeutic proteins, this review examines CRISPR-Cas9 techniques such as chaperone regulation, metabolic pathway engineering, and codon optimization. Examples of CRISPR's ability to get around production bottlenecks include insulin and nanobodies. Advanced variants like dCas9 and base editors offer further precision. E. coli is a reliable platform for the scalable production of therapeutic proteins, despite obstacles such as off-target effects. CRISPR-driven innovations hold promise for advancements in synthetic biology.