Pattern, persistence, and alternative livelihood strategies associated with jhum cultivation in West Garo Hills district, Meghalaya, India

Jhum cultivation is the oldest farming practice approach evolved in the Neolithic period. This is also known as the slash and burn method for its process of operation. The system is considered to be the first stage in transit of human being from hunter to food gatherer to crop cultivators. In the North-East India, jhum cultivation is still prevalent in its hilly regions. It is a tradition practiced by Garo community in the West Garo Hills district of Meghalaya, India. Considering the uniqueness of the agricultural practice, this paper tries to examine its process and pattern, factors contributing persistency of jhum cultivation and alternative livelihood plans adopted by the native community over time. While jhum remains integral part of the livelihoods and cultural identity of the Garo community, concerns have emerged regarding deforestation, soil erosion, biodiversity loss, and declining agricultural productivity associated with this practice. Government policies and scientific interventions have aimed to promote sustainable alternatives such as agroforestry, mixed cropping, and improved land management techniques in the area. This study highlights the need for a balanced approach that integrates traditional ecological knowledge with modern sustainable practices, ensuring both environmental conservation and the socio-economic well-being of local farming community.