Advancements in MIMO Technology for 5G and 6G: A Review of Challenges, Solutions, and Performance

The function of Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) technology in contemporary wireless networks is reviewed in this research, with an emphasis on performance evaluation and simulation. MIMO enhances data rates, spectrum efficiency, and link stability, and has become a crucial component of wireless protocols such as 4G LTE, 5G, and the emerging 6G. In addition to evaluating various modeling tools and performance metrics such as Bit Error Rate (BER), throughput, and channel capacity, the study discusses fundamental MIMO concepts, including Single-User, Multi-User, and Massive MIMO. Furthermore, recent developments such as AI/ML integration, terahertz (THz) communication, and Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS) in future wireless systems are examined. The study also addresses challenges associated with MIMO adoption, including hardware constraints and power consumption. It concludes by outlining important areas for future research and providing recommendations for optimizing MIMO systems in next-generation wireless networks.