Complex dynamics in a discrete-time ratio-dependent predator-prey model withprey harvesting

By the forward Euler method, we drove a discrete-time Leslie-Gower predator-prey system with ratio-dependent functional response and constant-yield prey harvesting. We investigated complex dynamical properties of the discrete system, including the existence and stability of equilibria, bifurcations, and chaos. To validate the theoretical results and reveal complex dynamics, numerical simulations were also provided. The study highlighted the impact of harvesting and discretization on ecological interactions, and offered practical guidelines for sustainable resource management.