The Academic Impact of Eating Well: Biological and Behavioural Evidence

Background: Academic performance is strongly influenced by cognitive, emotional and behavioural factors, many of which are affected by nutrition. Although many studies have reported positive links between dietary behaviours and academic success, the biological and behavioural mechanisms behind these effects have not been sufficiently explored. Objective: This narrative review aims to summarise the current evidence on the biological and behavioural mechanisms linking breakfast consumption, diet quality and diversity, and adherence to the Mediterranean diet to academic performance in people of all ages. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar. Keywords related to dietary behaviours, cognitive function, and academic outcomes were used. Studies were included if they provided mechanistic insights into the links between nutrition and cognitive or behavioural processes relevant to academic success.Results: Consuming breakfast regularly supports cognitive performance by regulating glucose metabolism, improving attention and memory, and promoting classroom engagement - particularly when meals include low-glycaemic index foods, protein, and fiber. A high-quality, diverse diet enhances neurodevelopment by improving nutrient intake, neurotransmitter function, and emotional regulation. The Mediterranean diet, which is rich in anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective compounds, supports synaptic plasticity and higher-order cognitive function, while also fostering behavioural stability and well-being. Together, these dietary behaviours influence the brain physiology and behavioural patterns that are essential for academic success.Conclusion: Nutrition plays a central role in academic achievement by impacting brain function and behaviour. Public health strategies should promote regular breakfast consumption, diverse and balanced meals, and adherence to the Mediterranean diet as part of a broader lifestyle approach. Governments should provide free, nutritious meals for all students to enable them to thrive cognitively, emotionally and academically.