A Comprehensive Review of Phase Change Materials for Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage Systems

The increasing demand for sustainable energy solutions and rising greenhouse gas emissions highlight the importance of efficient energy storage technologies. Among various storage methods, latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) has emerged as a promising option due to its high energy density and nearly isothermal operation. This review presents an overview of PCMs, including organic, inorganic, and eutectic types, along with their properties, advantages, limitations, and applications. Organic PCMs such as paraffins offer chemical stability but suffer from low thermal conductivity and flammability. Inorganic PCMs, especially salt hydrates, provide higher thermal conductivity and non-flammability but face issues like supercooling, phase segregation, and corrosiveness. Eutectic PCMs exhibit sharp melting points and stability but are limited by low thermal conductivity and complex synthesis. Key selection criteria for PCMs and strategies to enhance thermal performance are discussed.