Transfusion-Transmitted Infections (TTIs)

Abstract Blood transfusions are essential and life-saving procedures, particularly in surgical, trauma, oncology, and hematology settings. However, transfusion-transmitted infections (TTIs) remain a major concern for transfusion safety, especially in resource-limited regions. TTIs involve the transmission of pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, parasites, and prions through contaminated blood or blood components. The most concerning TTIs include human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), syphilis, and malaria. Despite advancements in donor screening and nucleic acid testing (NAT) methods, challenges persist due to the window period of infections, asymptomatic carriers, and emerging pathogens. The prevalence of TTIs is influenced by the epidemiological patterns of infectious diseases in donor populations, the effectiveness of donor selection procedures, and the quality of testing methods used. This paper highlights the most common pathogens associated with TTIs and current prevention strategies, including donor deferral protocols, advancements in pathogen detection technologies, and the importance of hemovigilance systems. It also discusses global disparities in blood safety, emphasizing the need for investment in infrastructure, training, and regulatory oversight to improve transfusion practices. Furthermore, it underscores the significance of public awareness and voluntary, non-remunerated blood donation as essential components of a safe blood supply. Achieving transfusion safety requires an integrated approach that combines clinical vigilance, laboratory accuracy, and effective public health policies. Reducing the burden of TTIs is crucial to maintaining public trust in blood services and improving patient outcomes