Evaluation of interaction methods in augmented reality head-mounted displays for total knee arthroplasty

The integration of Augmented Reality (AR) in Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA) has the potential to enhance surgical precision and improve surgeon performance by providing real-time, three-dimensional visual information directly within the surgeon's field of view. This study evaluates the performance of various interaction methods for AR Head-Mounted Displays (HMDs), focusing on usability, efficiency, and ergonomics within the constraints of the surgical environment. Five interaction methods-head movement, holographic touch, hand gestures, gaze fixation, and a gaze-gesture combination-were assessed based on task completion time, error rates, subjective workload, and user comfort.