Strengthening national capability in urban climate science: an Australian perspective

Cities are experiencing significant warming and more frequent climate extremes, raising risks for over 90% of Australians living in cities. Yet many of our tools for climate prediction and projection lack accurate representations of these environments. We also lack the observations and datasets needed to evaluate model performance. This paper identifies critical gaps in Australias current capability, showing how they undermine climate impact and risk assessments in cities and may lead to poorly designed adaptation and mitigation strategies. These gaps, and the recommendations to address them, were identified through consultation with experts across research institutes, universities, two ARC Centres of Excellence, federal and state governments, and private agencies. Our recommendations span four key areas: city descriptive datasets, integrated observations, fit for purpose models, and a coordinated community of research and practice. Urgent action is needed to tailor models to Australia's unique urban landscapes and climates. This requires comprehensive, nationally consistent, high resolution datasets that capture the form, fabric, and function of contemporary and future cities. It also requires filling systematic gaps in integrated networks of urban climate observations for evaluation and benchmarking. At the same time, scientific understanding of key urban processes that influence weather and climate must advance, alongside improvements in their representation in physical models. This can be achieved through a national community of research and practice that codesigns and oversees an implementation plan, integrated with infrastructure such as ACCESS NRI and AURIN. Building this capability will enable us to answer critical questions about the interaction between cities and climate, protecting Australias urban populations and ensuring a resilient future.