Environmental Laws in India: Protection, Mitigation, and Sustainability

Abstract: India has a strong legal framework to address environmental challenges like pollution, deforestation, climate change, and biodiversity loss. The foundation for environmental protection is laid out in the Constitution of India in Articles 48A and 51A(g). Key environmental laws include the Environment (Protection) Act of 1986, the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1974, the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1981, the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972, the Forest Conservation Act of 1980, the National Green Tribunal (NGT) Act of 2010, and the Biological Diversity Act of 2002. While the legal framework is robust, its effectiveness is dependent on proper implementation, public involvement, and judicial activism. Strengthening environmental governance and laws is crucial for a sustainable future that balances economic development with ecological conservation.