Aphid-Transmitted Plant Viruses: Epidemiology and Integrated Vector Management

Plant-aphid-virus interactions pose a significant threat to global crop production and food security. Aphids transmit plant viruses through persistent, semi-persistent and non-persistent modes, affecting the epidemiology of viral diseases in diverse host plants. spatial patterns, vector behavior, migration, and environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, rainfall, and landscape features influence Transmission dynamics. Advances in epidemiological modeling, geographic information systems (GIS), remote sensing, and molecular diagnostics have improved monitoring and detection of aphids and viruses. Integrated vector management strategies including cultural, biological, chemical, host plant resistance, and physical control are limiting factors that reduce aphid populations and virus spread. However, management is challenged by the rapid reproduction of aphids, complex virus-vector-host interactions, and the adaptability of viral strains. Key knowledge gaps persist, particularly regarding interactions under field conditions in tropical and subtropical systems. Future directions emphasize biotechnological and digital innovations, including nanotechnology, CRISPR/Cas-based resistance, artificial intelligence, and decision support systems to enhance disease forecasting and crop resilience. Sustainable management of aphid-transmitted plant viruses require strengthening international collaboration and coordinated surveillance. This review synthesizes current knowledge on epidemiology, biology, and integrated management of aphid-transmitted viruses, while highlighting challenges, research gaps, and emerging innovations to support sustainable agriculture.