"The Effects of Maternal Stress on Fetal Development: A Multidisciplinary Narrative Review"

Abstract: Maternal stress during pregnancy is increasingly recognized as a critical factor influencing fetal development and long-term child outcomes. This narrative review synthesizes findings from international and national studies, including recent epidemiological data, neurobiological research, and disaster-related stress models. The review explores mechanisms such as HPA axis dysregulation, placental mediation, and epigenetic modifications, and highlights the implications for neurodevelopment, cognitive functioning, and public health. The findings underscore the need for integrated prenatal care that includes mental health screening and psychosocial support.