Система вимог Європейського Союзу до експортного контролю за товарами військового призначення та подвійного використання

The article examines the system of legal, institutional, and organizational requirements of the European Union in the field of export control of military goods and dual-use items. It is substantiated that the formation and development of the European export control model took place through the combination of national regimes of the Member States and supranational regulatory mechanisms, which gradually acquired a comprehensive and unified character. In particular, the stages of the establishment of the regulatory framework are highlighted – from the adoption of common criteria in Luxembourg and Lisbon in 1991–1992 to the introduction of the EU Council Common Position 2008/944/CFSP, which defined the key rules for assessing export licenses, and Regulation (EU) 2021/821 on dual-use items. The article analyses the eight basic criteria guiding the Member States when making decisions on granting export authorizations, including compliance with international obligations, ensuring regional stability, preventing human rights violations, and avoiding the transfer of sensitive technologies to aggressor states. The functioning of European mechanisms of transparency, mutual information exchange, and coordination is examined, in particular the annual reports on arms exports and the consultation procedures among EU countries in cases of disputed decisions. Special attention is paid to the integration of export control issues into the EU’s overall security and defence policy, as well as into non-proliferation regimes of weapons of mass destruction. The conclusion emphasizes that the EU system of export control requirements is characterized by multi-level governance, flexibility, and adaptability to changes in the international environment. Its effectiveness is based on the balance between national sovereignty in decision-making and collective responsibility for compliance with international security norms.