Impact of sand mining in creeks on biodiversity and water quality parameters in Ogbia, Bayelsa State

Sand mining in aquatic ecosystems is a common activity in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, driven by the demand for construction materials and land reclamation. Yet, unregulated sand extraction poses significant threats to biodiversity, water quality, and ecosystem stability. This study evaluated the impact of sand mining in creek on biodiversity and water quality parameters in Ogbia, Bayelsa State. Sampling was conducted at three locations: two mining sites - Imiringi community along Kolo Creek (SL1) and Elebele Creek (SL2) - and a control site in Emeyal-2 community (SL3). Plant species diversity was assessed using transect and quadrat methods, while phytoplankton and zooplankton communities were sampled and identified following standard procedures. Physicochemical parameters such as turbidity, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, and pH were also measured. Results showed that sand mining significantly altered species composition and ecosystem structure. SL3, exhibited the highest biodiversity, with 26 plant species across 22 families in the riparian section, while SL1 and SL2 recorded lower diversity, dominated by stress-tolerant plant species. Zooplankton abundance was highest at SL3 (256 individuals), compared to SL1 (99) and SL2 (73). Phytoplankton composition also varied, with Bacillariophyta dominating the disturbed sites, reflecting increased sedimentation. Water quality deteriorated in sand-mined sites, with SL1 showing higher turbidity (17.8 NTU) and lower dissolved oxygen (3.5 mg/L), while SL2 had higher biochemical oxygen demand (6.8 mg/L), indicating organic pollution. These results emphasized the ecological consequences of sand mining, including habitat degradation, biodiversity loss, and compromised water quality. Sustainable management practices, such as regulated extraction and habitat restoration, are recommended to preserve aquatic ecosystems in Ogbia, Bayelsa State.