Impact of Instruction Medium on Students' Academic Performance: A Case of University Going Students in Karachi, Pakistan

This study aimed to explore the impact instruction medium on students’ academic performance. The use of Structural Equation Modeling revealed that factors such as teacher support, student motivation, educational background, learning strategies, English communication skills, and attitude towards the English language are all positively associated with academic performance. However, language anxiety was found to negatively affect English communication, which in turn influences motivation and learning outcomes. All these factors were confirmed by using the confirmatory factor analysis. The findings are consistent with recent literature, confirming that English proficiency is not only a tool for academic achievement but also a driver of confidence and long-term educational engagement. Therefore, fostering an encouraging classroom environment, minimizing language anxiety, and enhancing teacher roles are critical for improving student performance in English-medium settings.