Entropy Decay Framework for Predictive Design of Energy Storage Materials

This paper introduces a new theoretical framework, the Entropy–Decay Theory, to reinterpret the fundamental operation of batteries. Instead of conventional models based on electron flow and ion displacement, this work argues that charge and discharge are better understood as entropic propagations governed by τ-resonance and dimensional shifts within material lattices. The study examines both non-rechargeable and rechargeable batteries: Primary cells are reinterpreted as one-way entropic pushes from entropy-dense cathode materials to lighter anodes. Rechargeable systems are analyzed through lattice reversibility, showing how stressed cathodes and relaxed anodes couple via τ-resonance, explaining both rechargeability and finite cycle life. Building on the 33-dimensional hierarchy of entropy states, the paper classifies cathodes, anodes, and electrolytes by their entropic roles, and demonstrates why many historical material pairings failed. Section 6 extends the theory to renewable energy systems, arguing that conventional kinetic-to-electric pathways (wind, hydro, cycling) represent mismatched entropic scaffolding, which explains their storage limitations. The work culminates in a proposal for predictive design: applying Tsang’s entropy–decay equation to reinterpret existing datasets, guiding the development of new materials that are τ-resonant and entropically coherent. This reframing establishes battery technology not as a closed field of electrochemistry, but as an open frontier of entropic engineering. This manuscript is aligned with UK Patent Application No. GB2514577.2, filed 04 September 2025.