The Impact of Indian Agriculture on Pollution and Public Health: A Review

While Indian agriculture is critical to national food security and economic stability, it has also been identified as a major contributor to environmental degradation and poor public health. This study examines the intricate relationship between contemporary agricultural practices and pollution in India, with a particular focus on air, water, and soil contamination. The widespread burning of crop leftovers, the excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and inadequate irrigation techniques are all significant contributors. Crop residue burning causes seasonal surges in particulate matter, leading to increased air pollution across the IndoGangetic Plain and resulting in tens of thousands of premature deaths annually. Pesticide and nitrate runoff into bodies of water has caused a variety of chronic health problems, including respiratory ailments,hormonal issues, and cancer. This article highlights the disproportionate impact on vulnerable populations, particularly children, women, and rural farming communities, by employing a multidisciplinary approach that incorporates satellite data, epidemiological studies, and policy analysis. It also assesses the efficacy of existing mitigating techniques, such as zero-tillage technology, stubble-burning prohibitions, and organic agricultural campaigns. The findings underscore the pressing need to implement comprehensive long-term agricultural reforms that prioritize both environmental health and farmer livelihoods. Without a shift to environmentally friendly techniques, the dual burden of agricultural production and public health risk wouldcontinue to impede India's development aspirations.