Mapping Synergies and Trade-offs Among Climate Resilience Indicators: A Systematic Review Based Cross-Impact Framework for Buildings

With climate-driven disasters escalating in frequency and cost, advancing integrated resilience frameworks is urgently needed to safeguard the built environment. This study conducts a systematic literature review to identify and consolidate 31 building-level resilience indicators across five domains of climate-related risk and performance: flood, fire, wind, thermal, and energy. Pairwise interactions among indicators were assessed using a Cross-Impact Matrix (CIM), distinguishing synergies, trade-offs, neutral interdependencies, and unrelated connections. A network analysis was then applied, using out-degree and betweenness centrality to evaluate indicator influence and bridging capacity. Results show that building envelope- and structure-related measures, such as roof assembly resistance, roof pitch, roof geometry, and exterior door resistance, occupy central network positions, acting as core indicators with strong co-benefits. Gateways such as wall assembly and insulation link domains, while influencers like energy use for heating and cooling exert directional effects but may introduce trade-offs. Isolates, including backup power autonomy and stormwater–sewer separation, remain hazard-specific with limited systemic influence. By integrating matrix- and network-based approaches, this study provides an evidence-based framework for multi-hazard resilience planning, supporting more strategic building design and retrofitting.