LEAD-FREE CsSnI₃ PEROVSKITE SENSITIZERS FOR HIGH PERFORMANCE DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS: SYNTHESIS, STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING, AND PHOTOVOLTAIC CHARACTERIZATION

The rapid development of perovskite-based solar cells has stimulated extensive research to replace toxic lead (Pb)-based perovskites with lead-free alternatives. Here, we report the synthesis and characterization of CsSnI₃ perovskite sensitizers, optimized for dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) applications. The films were synthesized by solution-based spin-coating under inert atmosphere, with SnF₂ additives to suppress the oxidation of Sn²⁺. Structural, optical, and photovoltaic analyses revealed improved crystallinity, broad optical absorption, and enhanced charge transport properties, confirming the potential of CsSnI₃ as a non-toxic, environmentally benign alternative for next-generation photovoltaics.