Formulation Techniques and Biomedical Significance of Niosomal Carriers in Dermal and Transdernal Drug Delivery

Niosomes are non-ionic surfactant-based vesicular carriers that have gained increasing attention as a novel drug delivery system for dermal and transdermal applications. These nanosized vesicles are capable of entrapping both water-soluble and lipid-soluble drugs, thereby improving their solubility, stability, and overall therapeutic efficiency. In comparison with conventional formulations, niosomes provide enhanced penetration through the skin barrier, prolonged release of drugs, and improved bioavailability, while at the same time minimizing systemic side effects by enabling localized action at the target site. This review provides a detailed overview of the structural organization of the skin and its barrier functions, followed by an explanation of the structural components and types of niosomes. Different preparation techniques, along with their advantages and limitations, are discussed to highlight the versatility of this carrier system. Evaluation methods for determining particle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, and release characteristics are also summarized to establish their pharmaceutical importance. Therapeutically, niosomes have demonstrated promising applications in dermatological conditions such as psoriasis, microbial infections, and chronic wounds, as well as in systemic delivery of hormones, analgesics, and anticancer agents. In addition, recent advancements—including polymer coating, hybrid vesicles, and integration with technologies like iontophoresis or microneedles—are expected to overcome current limitations such as stability issues and drug leakage. Overall, niosomes represent a cost-effective, stable, and biocompatible nanocarrier platform with immense potential to enhance the effectiveness of dermal and transdermal drug delivery systems.