Design, Synthesis and Application of Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Nanocatalysts: Review

Abstract As compared to conventional catalysts, organic–inorganic hybrid nanocatalysts demonstrates considerably higher catalytic activity, increased selectivity, and greater reliability via integrating the unique advantages of both organic and inorganic components. The incredible adaptability of these hybrid systems, which results from the reliability and active-site density of the inorganic framework and the structural flexibility of the organic domain, gets a lot of attention. It is possible to design the organic moieties such as biomolecules, polymers, or functional ligands to provide specific chemical functions, optimize substrate binding, and improve compatibility with various reaction conditions. In addition, the inorganic component such as metal oxides, metal nanoparticles, or porous silica-based materials offers large surface area, mechanical stability, and catalytic centers to support a variety of chemical reactions. Owing to this mutually beneficial interaction, organic–inorganic hybrid nanocatalysts have become suitable for a number of industrial uses and organic synthesis, particularly when high reactivity and precise selectivity are crucial. This review gives an idea about design and synthesis of organic-inorganic hybrid nanocatalysts. It also highlights key strategies such as functional surface modification, ligand integration and core-shell architecture. We are also discussed about catalytic applications in organic synthesis, environmental remediation and pharmaceutical production, with a focus on green and sustainable methodologies. Scalability, long-term stability, and cost-effective production remain to be major challenges that require extra investigation despite significant developments. In the future, it is expected that the combination of artificial intelligence, computational modeling, and bio-inspired design techniques will accelerate the development of next-generation organic–inorganic hybrid nanocatalysts for sustainability and industrially relevant applications.