Advances in Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery Systems: A Comprehensive Review of Pharmaceutical Formulations

A principal drawback of conventional drug delivery approaches lies in their limited capacity to achieve selective targeting, often resulting in diminished therapeutic efficacy and increased systemic toxicity. Nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery systems (DDS) have emerged as a robust alternative, enabling accurate, site-specific transport of pharmacologically active agents while improving their physicochemical stability and bioavailability. This review provides an in-depth examination of the foundational concepts of nanoparticles, their classifications, and their incorporation into various pharmaceutical dosage forms. It encompasses a broad spectrum of nanoparticulate formulations, including tablets, injectables, suspensions, gels, creams, dry powder inhalers, and capsules. Each dosage form leverages distinct classes of nanoparticles—such as polymeric, lipidic, and inorganic carriers—engineered to address specific therapeutic challenges. The convergence of nanotechnology with drug delivery innovations has substantially enhanced drug solubilization, modulated release kinetics, and improved patient adherence. This review emphasizes the expanding utility of nanocarrier systems in pharmaceutical technology and their transformative potential in the advancement of personalized and targeted therapeutic interventions.