Theory as design material: How design researchers use design skills to explore the malleability of theory

Design researchers use theory in many different ways in their design research practice. Bridging the gap between abstract knowledge and making design decisions can be quite challenging. Based on interviews with 10 design researchers the paper examines the various ways they apply theory in designerly ways. The paper presents two interrelated findings that emerge from a thematic analysis. The first theme unpacks how theory use can be characterised by examining the malleability of theory. It describes how theory is explored and used as a design material, similar to other design materials like wood or textiles. The second theme explores how design competencies are ways to explore and activate the malleability of theory as design material. It describes that it is through their design competencies that theory becomes relevant for design researchers. Finally, we reflect on what the findings mean for the future of design education.