Japanese Encephalitis: One Health Perspective

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a type of arthropod-borne virus, transmitted by blood-feeding arthropods. These viruses replicate within the arthropod hosts without causing them any apparent illness or harm. The primary vector responsible for spreading JEV is the Culex mosquito, particularly Culex tritaeniorhynchus. This species is commonly found in rural areas, breeds extensively in rice paddies and primarily feeds on large domestic animals. The virus maintains its natural cycle between birds and pigs and is transmitted to humans via the bite of an infected mosquito. Children under 15 years of age are especially at risk and those who contract the infection frequently suffer from lasting neurological impairments. Clinical symptoms of Japanese encephalitis may include extremely high fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, headache, muscle weakness, paralysis, mental confusion and in severe cases, coma. Diagnosis is confirmed using virological, immunological and molecular testing methods. The current strategy for preventing and controlling Japanese encephalitis involves expanding vaccination in endemic areas, vector control and surveillance. However, many developing countries struggle to implement these measures due to limited public health infrastructure, financial constraints and insufficient political commitment particularly in developing surveillance systems and diagnostic laboratories.