Quantum Corrections to Black Hole Thermodynamics: Entropy, Stability and Information Implications

Black holes occupy a central place in the dialogue between general relativity, quantum mechanics, and thermodynamics. The Bekenstein–Hawking entropy formula establishes that black hole entropy is proportional to horizon area, while Hawking radiation links black holes to quantum field theory. However, this framework is semiclassical and expected to break down at the Planck scale, where quantum gravitational corrections become essential. In this paper, we analyze leading-order entropy corrections derived from various approaches including loop quantum gravity, string theory, and the generalized uncertainty principle. We explore their effects on black hole stability and evaporation, emphasizing the role of heat capacity and phase transitions. Finally, we discuss how quantum modifications to entropy and radiation spectra impact the black hole information paradox. Our findings highlight that quantum corrections not only refine the thermodynamic description of black holes but also suggest possible avenues toward information preservation and a consistent theory of quantum gravity.