Hubble Tension in the Framework of the Universal Gravitational–Informational Theory (TGIU): Ontological Resolution and Phenomenological Projection

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) has intensified the so-called “Hubble tension” — the discrepancy between the locally measured Hubble constant: and the global value inferred from Planck CMB data: While standard ΛCDM cosmology struggles to reconcile these values, the Universal Gravitational–Informational Theory (TGIU) provides a unified resolution. We demonstrate that the tension arises naturally as a phenomenological projection for any 3D observer embedded in imperfect informational collapse (η = 0.783), yet disappears at the ontological level when propagation corrections due to Dark Matter, Ghost Dark Matter, and Dark Energy are included. In this corrected framework, astronomical distances increase by ≈10% and the Universe’s true age extends to ≈15 Gyr. Thus, Hubble tension is not a fundamental contradiction but a dual perspective of the same mechanism: an observer-level projection (phenomenological) and a collapse-level correction (ontological), both governed by the TGIU Equilibrium Force (TEF).