Ameliorative Activities of Biogenically Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles (AGNPS) Derived from Carica papaya Seed Extract Against Lead-Induced Hepatotoxicity and Hematotoxicity in Male Wistar Rats.

Heavy metal toxicity, particularly from lead (Pb), remains a significant global health issue, causing widespread oxidative stress and damage to vital organs like the liver and hematopoietic system. Lead exposure can lead to hepatocellular injury, anemia, and immunosuppression. While conventional chelation therapy exists, it is often associated with adverse side effects and limited efficacy, highlighting the urgent need for safer and more effective therapeutic alternatives. This study investigates the protective potential of biogenically synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) derived from Carica papaya seed extract against lead-induced hepatotoxicity and hematotoxicity in male Wistar rats. The green synthesis method was employed to produce AgNPs, which were then used to treat lead-exposed rats. Our experimental findings show that lead exposure significantly decreased hematological parameters (PCV, RBC, and WBC) and increased serum AST and ALT activities, indicating severe liver and blood damage. Treatment with Carica papaya seed-mediated AgNPs effectively reversed these toxic effects, significantly increasing PCV and RBC counts while restoring liver function biomarkers. The nanoparticles appear to exert their therapeutic effects by enhancing the antioxidant defence system, as evidenced by restored levels of key antioxidant enzymes, and mitigating inflammation. These results suggest that biogenically synthesized AgNPs from Carica papaya seeds offer a promising, eco-friendly, and comprehensive therapeutic approach to combat lead toxicity by providing both hepatoprotective and anti-anaemic benefits.