Review Writing on Synthesis of Pyrimidine and Its Biological Activity

Pyrimidine-based derivatives represent a crucial class of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds with broad pharmacological and synthetic relevance. These six-membered aromatic structures, featuring nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3, serve as core scaffolds in numerous bioactive molecules, including nucleic acids, vitamins, and coenzymes. Across the reviewed literature, various conventional and green synthetic methodologies—including multicomponent reactions, microwave-assisted synthesis, and catalyst-free approaches—have been explored to develop structurally diverse pyrimidine derivatives. The pyrimidine synthesized compounds have demonstrated a wide spectrum of biological activities, such as antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antioxidant, and CNS-modulating effects. In particular, hydrazine-, Schiff base-, and fused pyrimidine derivatives have shown enhanced potency against bacterial strains such as Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, supported by systematic antimicrobial screening via disk diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays. In addition to synthetic strategies, these studies employed advanced characterization techniques such as FT-IR, ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR, and mass spectrometry to confirm compound structures and functional groups. Structural modifications, especially the introduction of electron-withdrawing substituents (e.g., –Cl, –NO₂), were found to significantly influence bioactivity, underlining the importance of structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies in drug development. This review highlights not only the synthetic versatility and pharmacological potential of pyrimidine-based derivatives but also emphasizes environmentally benign approaches in heterocyclic chemistry. The collective insights contribute to ongoing efforts in medicinal chemistry for the rational design of new therapeutic agents with improved efficacy and reduced toxicity.